Explore Shakespeare’s presentation Essay

‘The play was written in the 1600’s, at this time the role of women was vastly different than their role in today’s society. The woman was to be the dutiful housewife, being expected to run the house cook meals and look after the children. In wealthy families girls were subject to their fathers will. Marriage was a business contract, not about love, but to keep land and wealth within a family. Girls were raised to be obedient to their parents. Children in the 1600’s were to be seen and not heard a lot like later Victorian times. The girls were not to be formally educated they were to stay at and help their mothers with everyday jobs such as washing and cleaning. However this is no longer the case. Women are more and more frequently following the same career paths as men. They also have more rights. Both of these mean women are now equal to men. In the play, Juliet is fourteen, her father feels she should want to become a wife. † She hath not seen the change of fourteen years† However unlike other marriages at the time her father wants her to be happy and try to love a gentleman called Count Paris. Her father is aware of her feelings. However Lady Capulet seems to want Juliet to marry and does not consider her happiness, she uses the argument that † younger than you here in Verona ladies of esteem are made already mothers she reinforces this by telling her â€Å"I was your mother much upon these years† Juliet has a close and trusting relationship with the nurse who has looked after her since birth. She is Juliet’s mother figure. The nurse uses terms of affection for her such as † what lamb! † We first see Juliet in the scene between Lady Capulet and the Nurse. This is also the scene when we see Juliet talk to her mother for the first time in the play. † Madam I am here what is your will? † this is formal. Juliet trusts her parents and respects their wishes, by accepting marriage, however this is before she meets Romeo. Romeo and Juliet first encounter with each other is at the Capulet’s mansion during the ball, which Romeo and his friends should not be attending. They speak a sonnet together. â€Å"My lips like two blushing pilgrims, ready stand. † We see in this scene Juliet being quick witted and covering with the nurse, when she discovers Romeo’s identity. Juliet quickly loses her innocence in this scene. In the balcony scene, we are able to compare Romeo and Juliet. This scene is also important because we see the differences between the characters. Romeos language is full of romantic imagery. He is in a dream like state. â€Å"0’speak again bright angel. † He speaks about her comparing her to the â€Å"heaven and to the stars. † She is his â€Å"east. † This puts her in a higher place and shows she is above all mortals to him. Whereas Juliet seems to be more practical. Juliet is more meaningful and uses the questions wisely to find out more about Romeo. † are you a Montague? † â€Å"How did you get here? † These questions mean something whereas Romeo is more poetical, and tries to impress Juliet. Romeo’s responses are fantastical † with loves light wings did I O’erperch these walls. † In exchange Juliet never cunning, she is always sincere. While Romeo is rhapsodising over love, she realises how rash their avowals of love may be. â€Å"too rash, too unadvis’d, too sudden. † Juliet responds to Romeo with generosity and infinite love. Romeo is lost in a happy dream, but Juliet looks ahead, it is she who suggests marriage. She is resourceful. She shows no fear of disobeying her parents, â€Å"what O’clock shall I send for thee tomorrow? † whilst Romeo is comparing silver sweet sounds, loves, loves tongue to the softest music. However Juliet too can be poetical, she is able to express her love for Romeo with intensity and feeling. † my county is as boundless as the sea, my love as deep† It is interesting that Juliet is the first one to mention marriage. † if that thy bat of love be honourable, thy purpose marriage. † Juliet trusts the nurse. She is the only person Juliet confides in. â€Å"to ask his name if he be married. † She trusts the nurse with such a message to take to Romeo. This shows the strength of their relationship. She can put on a good show to get her own way. She also trusts the nurse in telling Romeo to meet her for a night of passion. Juliet is as impulsive as Romeo and hurries off to meet him at Friar Lawrence’s cell. Juliet is open with Romeo, however she is happy to deceive her family in to thinking she is going to confession. Juliet later uses religion again to deceive her family. Once married, Juliet is forced to grow up very quickly as she needs to deal with a series of terrible events that happen in a short period of time. Romeo vanishes because he killed Tybalt, â€Å"murder’d her kinsman. † Romeo is then sentenced to death on the hour he is found. † when he is found, that hour shall be his last. † The pain of Romeo’s banishment is immediately succeeded by the horror of her father’s plans for another wedding, â€Å"marry, my child, early next Thursday mom! † Juliet and Romeo spend the night together at the Capulet mansion. We see the physical side of man and wife. She shows that she wants to be with Romeo all the while. However he has to go. Juliet begs him to stay. â€Å"it was the nightingale and not the lark. † She is stronger^ than Romeo when she hears about the wedding he goes to pieces. Sobbing and wailing, trying to kill himself, in the face calamity she does her best to cope. When Juliet refuses to obey her parents in marriage they are shocked her father is no longer indulgent, and he and her mother turn against her and are very cruel to her. † hang thee young baggage! Disobedient wretch! † Despite their insulting comment Juliet calm. In despair Juliet turns to the nurse for comfort, but is told to forget Romeo and marry Paris â€Å"marry, I will and this is wisely done. † She is hurt and feels betrayed by this comment from the nurse, she trusted the nurse and now that trust as gone. However she shows qualities of determination and courage, which enable her to hide her anguish, and chat wittily and apparently calm with Paris at the Friar’s cell. Juliet has no choice but to agree to the Friar’s desperate scheme, she has neither family, nurse nor husband to support her. † My dismal scene needs must act alone. † She agrees to take the potion this shows her courage and determination, with child like horror she goes through everything that could go wrong with taking the potion, finally realising she has no other option, drinks the potion with great courage. The potion heightens the drama of the scene as she is isolated from her family and friends. Juliet is true and faithful because when she awakes in the tomb the first thing she says with child like simplicity â€Å"where is my Romeo? † she is deserted once again, this lime however by the Friar. When she realises that Romeo is dead, she is ^courageous to the last minute she stabs her self. Her last act is immediate and determined and successful, it is expressive of her love for Romeo and is keeping with her character and everything she has done through out the play. However at the end of the play she is still a 14 year old girl with her whole life in front of her. She succumbs to an adolescent^ despair. At the end of the play Lord Montague says † I will raise her statue in pure gold. The deaths of Romeo and Juliet brings harmony and unison to the two families. Lord Montague at the end realises Juliet has been â€Å"true and faithful†.

Tiffany & Co Marketing Plan

MARKETING PLAN I. Executive summary†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦3 A. History of Tiffany & Co†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 3 II. Current marketing situation †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦7 A. Market overview†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 7 i. Market demographics and needs†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 6 ii. Market t rends and target market growth†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 10 B. SWOT analysis†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦11 i. Strengths †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 11 ii. Weaknesses†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 2 iii. Opportunities†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 12 iv. Threats†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦13 C. Competitive and industry analysis †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦14 D. Product overview†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 17 E. Keys to success and critical issues†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦20. III. Environmental analysis †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦23 A. Macroenvironmental factors †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦23 B. Microenvironmental factors †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 24 C. Competitive strategy †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 24 IV. Marketing Strategy†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦25 A. Mission†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦25 B. Marketing objectives†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦25 C. Financial objectives†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦26 D. Target market†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 27 E. Positioning†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦27 V. Marketing Mix†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 28 A. Product †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â ‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 28 B. Pricing †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 30 C. Promotion †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 1 D. Channel †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦32 E. Service †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦34 VI. Marketing research †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦35 VII. Financials †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦37 A. Sales/revenue forecast†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 37 B. Expense budget†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦39 C. Break-even analysis†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦40 D. Profit and loss analysis†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 41 VIII. References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 42 I. Executive summary A. History of the company The 1830s in New York City were a time of dynamic growth, extravagant tastes and golden opportunity for anyone with a little capital and an abundance of imagination. In 1837, New York became the proving ground for twenty-five-year-old Charles Lewis Tiffany and John B. Young, who opened a â€Å"stationery and fancy goods† store with a $1,000 advance from Tiffany's father. On their way to the new emporium at 259 Broadway, fashionable ladies in silks, satins, and beribboned bonnets faced a gauntlet of narrow streets teeming with horses and carriages and the hurly-burly of city life. At Tiffany & Co. they discovered a newly emerging â€Å"American style† that departed from the European design aesthetic, which was rooted in religious and ceremonial patterns and the Victorian era’s mannered opulence. The young entrepreneurs were inspired by the natural world, which they interpreted in exquisite patterns of simplicity, harmony and clarity. These became the hallmarks of Tiffany design, first in silver hollowware and flatware, and later in jewelry. Tiffany first achieved international recognition at the Paris Exposition Universelle in 1867. The company was awarded the grand prize for silver craftsmanship, the first time that an American design house had been so honored by a foreign jury. Tiffany was the first American company to employ the 925/1000 standard of silver purity. Largely through the efforts of Charles Lewis Tiffany, this ratio was adopted by the United States Congress as the American sterling silver standard. The silver studio of Tiffany & Co. was the first American school of design and, as one observer remarked, â€Å"a teacher of art progress. Apprentices were encouraged to observe and sketch nature, and to explore the vast collections of sketches and artwork assembled by Edward C. Moore, the head of the studio. By 1870 Tiffany & Co. had become America's premier purveyor of jewels and timepieces as well as luxury table, personal, and household accessories. At the turn of the 20th century the company had more than one thousand employees and branches in London, Paris, and Geneva. In 1878 Tiffany acquired on e of the world's largest and finest fancy yellow diamonds from the Kimberley diamond mines in South Africa. Under the guidance of Tiffany's eminent gemologist, Dr. George Frederick Kunz, the diamond was cut from 287. 42 carats to 128. 54 carats with 82 facets (most brilliant-cut diamonds have only 58), which gave the stone its legendary fire and brilliance. Designated the Tiffany Diamond, the stone became an exemplar of Tiffany craftsmanship. In 1886 Tiffany introduced the engagement ring as we know it today—the Tiffany ® Setting— an innovation that lifts the diamond above the band with six platinum prongs, allowing a more complete return of light from the stone and maximizing its brilliance. Today the Tiffany Setting continues as one of the most popular engagement ring styles and shining symbol of the jeweler’s diamond authority. During New York’s Gilded Age, Tiffany was prospering as never before. At the same time, the world had embarked on the Age of Expositions, the era of show-stopping extravaganzas that took place in the last decades of the 19th century and into the 20th in Paris, Chicago, Buffalo and St. Louis. At every venue, Tiffany won the highest honors and recognition as the undisputed leader in the world of jewels. The company’s exhibit at the 1889 Paris fair was heralded as â€Å"the most extraordinary collection of jewels ever produced by an American jewelry house. † Tiffany produced an equally praiseworthy collection for the 1900 Paris fair, along with magnificent silver pieces based on Native American pottery and basket designs. The unprecedented commendation and number of awards bestowed on the jeweler led to Tiffany’s appointment as Imperial Jeweler and Royal Jeweler to the crowned heads of Europe, as well as the Ottoman Emperor and the Czar and Czarina of Russia. With the death of Charles Lewis Tiffany in 1902, Louis Comfort Tiffany, the founder’s son, became Tiffany’s first Director of Design. An entire floor of Tiffany & Co. was devoted to merchandise crafted in the Tiffany Studios, Louis Comfort Tiffany’s atelier. His position as America’s leading designer was well established by 1882, when President Chester Arthur invited him to redecorate the White House. By 1900 the younger Tiffany was a world leader in the Art Nouveau and Arts and Crafts movements. The famed artist created a remarkable range of designs, from technically brilliant leaded lass to colorful Tiffany favrile glass, and enameled and painterly jewels based on American plants and flowers. Throughout the jeweler’s history, the most prominent members of American society were frequent Tiffany customers. Vanderbilts, Astors, Whitneys and Havemeyers, as well as J. P. Morgan, F. Scott Fitzgerald and Paul Mellon, commissioned Tiffany to produce gold and silver services. Admirers of Lillian Russell ordered a sterling silver bicycle. President Lincoln purchased a seed pearl necklace for his wife, Mary Todd Lincoln. And a young Franklin Roosevelt purchased a Tiffany engagement ring in 1904. As the twentieth century progressed, Tiffany designs captured the spirit of the times, from the extravagance of the 1920s to the modernism of the 1930s and the aerodynamic age of the 1940s and 1950s. Tiffany china set the stage for White House dinners and Tiffany jewels accented the elegant clothes of the world’s most glamorous women, including Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis, Babe Paley and Diana Vreeland. Very often world-renowned jeweler Jean Schlumberger created their jewelry. Hired in 1956 by then Tiffany chairman Walter Hoving, Schlumberger’s lavish, nature-inspired jewels remain the pride of Tiffany & Co. Throughout Tiffany’s history, the United States and foreign governments have called upon the company to create special commissions. Among them are the Congressional Medal of Honor, the United States’ highest military award; and the 1885 redesign of the Great Seal of the United States, which can be seen on official government documents as well as on the one-dollar bill. Business and professional organizations have also called on Tiffany design expertise through Tiffany Business Sales. The most famous of these commissions is the Vince Lombardi Trophy for the National Football League Super Bowl Championship. Tiffany has had the distinction of creating this original and well-known design since the first Super Bowl in 1967. The legendary style of Tiffany design is perhaps best represented by the annual Blue Book Collection, featuring Tiffany’s and the world’s most spectacular and glamorous jewels. Initially published in 1845, the Tiffany Blue Book was the first such catalogue to be distributed in the U. S. Today’s version showcases the elite of diamonds and colored gemstones in custom-designed settings, crafted with time-honored jewelry techniques and inspired by jewels in the Tiffany & Co. Archives. Over the past two centuries, Tiffany has built an international reputation as a premier jeweler and the ultimate source of gifts for life's most cherished occasions. Whether it's a milestone in the life of a company or a family, or an individual's crowning achievement, Tiffany gifts wrapped in the signature Tiffany Blue Box ® symbolize the rich heritage and unparalleled reputation Tiffany & Co. has enjoyed as one of America's great institutions. II. Current marketing situation A. Market overview i. Market demographics and needs Official estimates put the population of Kazakhstan at 15. million as of 1 July 2008, of which 47% is rural and 53% urban population. The 2008 population estimate is 4. 8% higher than the population reported in the last census from January 1999 (slightly less than 15 million). Kazakhstan underwent significant urbanization during the first 50 years of the Soviet era, as the share of rural population declined from more than 90% in the 1920s to less than 50% si nce the 1970s [pic] Next table summarizes information about Kazakhstani market and gives more detailed understanding of current market situation. Year (January)  Ã‚   |Population (‘000)  Ã‚   | |Opportunities |Threats | |Currently isn’t widely presented |Logistics problems | |Integration in lower priced segments |Threat of fakes | | |Luxury niche is under threat of crisis | | |Low brand awareness | | | | Strengths 1. Customer service. Operating by its mission statement to be the world’s most respected retailer, Tiffany focuses heavily on customer service. New employees complete six to eight weeks of training in knowledge, skills, and product training. They must also pass a written test before they are allowed to meet with customers. Once in the field, sales representatives work for two years to complete a rigorous certification process. According to John Peterson, senior vice president of corporate sales, the process helps the company uphold its unique tradi tion and culture. 2. Unique quality. Tiffany also places extreme value on the quality of its products, paying attention to every detail of the Tiffany experience. Charles Lewis Tiffany began this practice with his original selection of the blue color for Tiffany boxes, shopping bags, and catalogs. Tiffany focused on the final, and often neglected, step in brand positioning: giving customers something symbolizing Tiffany quality, commitment, consistency, respect, and reputation long after they have walked out of the store. According to Denise Meyer, creative director of Frenchman Marketing, an advertising agency that specializes in jewelry marketing, â€Å"Tiffany wants you to forget the product and remember where it came from†. 3. Recognition. As one of the world’s most recognizable brand symbols, Tiffany takes all of its blue box’s components, from the quality of the blue paper to the way the ribbon is tied, very seriously. Because the blue box represents the Tiffany experience, the company even sends their employees to a class to perfect the art of tying the white satin ribbon so the box lays flat. According to James Mansur, principal of Mansur Design, a retail branding consultancy in New York, â€Å"[The blue box] represents refinement, luxury, elegance, good taste, quality, and it confers status on both the person who gives it and the person who receives it†. Weaknesses 1. Brand positioning problem Tiffany & co is positioned as luxury brand, for people with high income. However tiffany introduces middle cost items, which is part of company strategy. But people can’t realize that tiffany’s jewellery becomes more affordable and think that starting price for tiffany rings is 3000$, while really it is only 900$. The same positioning problem can occur in Kazakhstan. In order to prevent this company should inform Kazakhstan populating about their prices by means of advertizing, PR and other activities. Opportunities 1. Currently isn’t widely presented All over the Kazakhstan there is only one Tiffany store, located in Almaty. This store is a franchise. Assortment is not great, and silver products care absolutely not presented. Also very poor assortment of yellow gold. . Integration in lower priced segments Tiffany adopts new strategy, in order to attract new customers. Appearance of 100$ and below items in tiffany products lit will attract new customers, for whom brand name is important. So in strong competition with well-known brands like Bvldary, Cartier and Chopard Tiffany offers luxury goods for affordable prices. Threats 1. Logistics problems Tiffany & Co is American company and jewelers should be transported from US. Almaty franchise transports goods from US. However, because of big distance orders may come not in time, or breakage rate may be high. Also during transportation goods may be stolen. 2. Threat of fakes In Kazakhstan patents and copyrights are almost not important, so in case of good promotion and increased brand awareness faces from China could be easily broad to the market and brand reputation will be damaged 3. Luxury niche is under threat of crisis Nowadays financial crisis is on the peak and people suffer from lack of money , so they will rather prefer to save money than to spend them on luxury goods 4. Low brand awareness Besides Tiffany & Co is extremely popular in the west in Kazakhstan brand awareness is very low, and a lot of funds should be spend for advertizing B. Competitive and industry analysis Competitors: Signet Group (SIG) is the world's largest specialty jewelry retailer in terms of sales, with $3. 3 billion of revenue in 2008; the company is based in the United Kingdom and operates 1,959 stores in the U. K. and the U. S. , including Kay Jewelers and Jared The Galleria of Jewelry chains in the United States. Signet Group exceeds Tiffany's in revenu e and size; however the company currently lacks a presence in Asia. Tiffany, on the other hand, is in a good position to take advantage of new wealth developing in Asia due to the fact it already has stores in that region. †¢ Zale (ZLC) specializes in diamond jewelry and operates mostly mall-based stores as well as mall kiosks only in North America. It lacks an international presence, however makes up for it through volume in North America: The company has 2,135 locations throughout the United States, Canada and Puerto Rico. Both Zale and Tiffany sell low-priced jewelry, but Zale only extends to moderately-priced pieces while Tiffany seeks to maintain a â€Å"high-low† approach by selling $200 pieces next to $50,000 ones. †¢ Blue Nile (NILE) is the largest online-only retailer of certified diamonds and fine jewelry. The company's 2008 sales were much smaller than Tiffany's. The fact that the company sells its goods exclusively online makes it available to a wider audience than Tiffany's, whose goods must be purchased through its own stores. Company |Net Sales (mm) | |Increase in store sales |9-10% | |Increase in Direct Marketing Sales |10% | |Expense growth |13% | |Advertising expense |6% | In terms of financial objectives for the full year 2009, Tiffany &Co are now projecting sales growth of approximately 15% which includes comparable store sales increasing 9-10% in the US and in the high single digits internationally on a constant exchange rate basis. For the fourth quarter, that implies a mid single digit comp increase in the US, strong comp growth in the European and Asia/Pacific regions and a modest increase in total Japan sales. Tiffany now half way through the all important November/December holiday selling season, although the vast majority of sales activity is still ahead of company in the next several weeks. C. Target Markets: 1) Women Aged 34- 54 years old 2). Middle-High income, upper class in KZ –$2000 and more 3). Status-oriented- Business women 4). Discerning customers who appreciate the finer things in life and the emotional pleasure of owning the best there is. ). Women, knowing that mostly men will be making the purchases. Rings start at relativ ely affordable level ($1000) and go up to over a million dollars. It is known that about 39% of sales are outside the United States. There are stores in Brazil, Europe, Australia and Asia. Stores are located in larger cities while the catalog and internet cater to non-urban customers. D. Positioning People who pay much attention to the fashion world may know that Tiffany& Co is one of top three jewelry producers in the world. Among those fashionable and exquisite ornaments, tiffany rings are undoubtedly the one that gains more attention than any other ones. When divided by function and occasion, tiffany rings can be divided into three major categories that are tiffany celebration rings, engagement rings and wedding rings. Each kind of them has its own unique and irreplaceable functions. All the tiffany rings are beautifully crafted pieces of remarkable elegance. Tiffany & Co rings are unequaled in quality, with close attention to detail. I. Marketing Mix A. Product. Tiffany and Co. ’s offerings include diamonds, gemstones, necklaces, pendants, rings, bracelets, charms, brooches and earrings. In addition to the classic items, Tiffany and Co. collection reflects unique items like their elegant decorative keys, jeweled boxes, heart-shaped lockets, letters of the alphabet and crosses. Also for men, Tiffany and Co. has a range of rings, watches, necklaces and money clips. Among those fashionable ornaments, tiffany rings are undoubtedly the one that gains more attention than any other ones. When divided by function and occasion, tiffany rings can be divided into three major categories that are tiffany celebration rings, engagement rings and wedding rings. Each kind of them has its own unique and irreplaceable functions. To take celebration rings as an example, there are so many important occasions and moments in one's life to celebrate. To capture and keep down these rare and important moments and occasions is so important for every person. Therefore, Tiffany celebration rings are just specially designed and prepared for you these people to come. [pic] Tiffany engagement rings are perfect for those young lovers who are to be engaged. Also it will make the whole ceremony full of joy and happiness and give off the flavor of luxuriance and magnificence. [pic]Tiffany wedding rings are the necessity for every bride and groom who are dreaming of a grand and luxurious wedding ceremony. Tiffany wedding rings are particularly distinctive, with designs ranging from classic solitaires to elaborate multi-stone arrangements. Each ring is accompanied by detailed certification as proof of its superior quality. It is true that tiffany rings are perfect for every occasion. It is prized for its quality, sophistication, and beauty. The four Cs of diamond quality have the greatest effect on the stone’s price: Carat: The weight of a diamond is measured in carats. The more carats, the heavier the stone, and the more expensive it is. Color . A diamond’s color grade is a key quality evaluation, but often misleading. This is because the ideal engagement diamond is characterized by a lack of color. Diamonds can be laboratory treated to reduce their color. At the Tiffany Gemological Laboratory, the color of each diamond is determined by comparing it to authenticated â€Å"master diamonds. Clarity: A diamond’s clarity rating has a direct effect on a diamond’s beauty and price. The clearer a diamond is, the more expensive it will be. Cut: The cut and shape of the diamond affects its price depending on the difficulty involved. Emerald and princess cuts are among the least expensive because they follow the crystalline shape of the stone, while heart-shaped, pear, and oval cuts are more expensive. Tiffany diamonds are always cut for beauty, not size. Other Factors in Engagement Ring Cost: Metal: Yellow gold is the most common choice for engagement rings, and it is in the mid-range for prices. Silver is less expensive, while high-grade karats of yellow and white gold are pricier. Platinum, titanium and tungsten are generally more expensive. Design: Simple solitaires are often the least expensive design because they lack elaborate side stones or other embellishments. More intricate rings, such as Celtic patterns, bridal sets, or three stone rings are more costly. B. Pricing. Today, tiffany settings are one of the most popular choices for ring settings. Company offers different ring designs, including channel set bands and minimal setting diamond bands that emphasize the stones.. Three stone engagement rings are increasingly popular, and Tiffany engagement rings often use fancy shapes such as ovals, hearts, pears, and tapered baguettes for exquisite arrangements. Rings | Price ranges | |Sterling silver rings | $100 -$1000 | |Gold rings |$250 – over $ 5000 | |Platinum rings |$250 – over $ 5000 | |One carat diamond ring |$95,00-$35,000 | |White gold rings |$500 –over $5000 | Every ring is unique, each with its own precise gemological cha racteristics, pricing will vary. All rings meet Tiffany’s strict quality requirements and Tiffany engagement ring prices are offered: C. [Promotion. Tiffany & Co periodically conducts product promotional events and regularly advertises, primarily in newspapers and magazines.. In Fiscal 2007, 2006 and 2005, company spent approximately $174 million, $162  million and $137  million, respectively, on worldwide advertising, which includes costs for media, production, catalogs, promotional events and other related items. Public Relations (promotional)  activity is a significant aspect of Registrant’s business. Management believes that Tiffany’s image is enhanced by a program of charity sponsorships, grants and merchandise donations. For example, Tiffany & Co. serves as the Awards Sponsor of the inaugural Pasadena Marathon organization presented by Kaiser Permanente. The organization's mission is to promote an enhanced quality of life for those who work, live, or attend school in the Pasadena area. Thus, company offers financial and logistical support to local civic and charitable agencies. In addition ,in support of its mission to preserve the natural heritage that distinguishes great urban centers, The Tiffany & Co. Foundation announced grants on September 25, 2008 to three organizations—Hermann Park Conservancy in Houston, Parkways Foundation in Chicago, and The Vizcayans in Miami—for the restoration of parks and gardens in their individual cities, totaling $2,750,000. These grants expand the Foundation’s urban parks program that originated with support for New York City’s parks Donations are also made to The Tiffany & Co. Foundation, a private foundation organized to support the charitable organizations with efforts concentrated in environmental conservation and support for the decorative arts. Tiffany also engages in a program of retail promotions and media activities to maintain consumer awareness of the Company and its products. Each year, Tiffany publishes its well-known Blue Book which showcases jewelry and other merchandise. Registrant considers these and other promotional efforts important in maintaining Tiffany’s image. D. Channel of distribution. The Company operates in three segments: Americas, Asia-Pacific and Europe. Americas includes sales in TIFFANY & CO. stores in the United States, Canada and Latin/South America. Tiffany distributes a selection of its products in the United States and Canada through its Websites at www. tiffany. com and www. tiffany. ca. Tiffany also distributes catalogs of selected merchandise to its list of customers in the United States and to mailing lists rented from third parties. In addition, Business account holders may make gift purchases through the Company’s website at http://business. tiffany. com . Price allowances are given to eligible business account holders for certain purchases on the Tiffany for Business website. Moreover, products and services are marketed through a sales organization, through advertising in newspapers and business periodicals and through the publication of special catalogs. The retail sales in Asia-Pacific region consists of sales transacted in TIFFANY & CO. locations in Japan, China, Korea, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Australia, Singapore, Macau and Malaysia. The Company does business in Japan through its wholly-owned subsidiary, Tiffany & Co. Japan, Inc. The Company offers a selection of TIFFANY & CO. erchandise for purchase in Japan and Australia through its Websites at www. tiffany. co. jp and www. tiffany. com/au. Selected TIFFANY & CO. merchandise is sold to independent distributors for resale in Asia-Pacific markets, predom inantly in the Middle Eastern region. As for Europe , retail sales consists of sales transacted in TIFFANY & CO. stores in the United Kingdom, Germany, Italy, France, Austria, Switzerland, Belgium, Spain and Ireland. The Company offers a selection of TIFFANY & CO. merchandise for purchase in England, Wales, Northern Ireland and Scotland through its Website at www. tiffany. com/uk International Retail The following tables set locations operated by Tiffany & Co | | | |  | |Europe |  |  |   |  | |   | |Austria: Vienna |  | |Italy: Milan |  |  | |France: Paris, Galeries Lafayette |  |  |Italy: Rome |  | | |France: Paris, Printemps Department Store |  |  |Switzerland: Zurich |  | | |France: Paris, Rue de la Paix |  |  |United Kingdom: London, Harrods |  | | |Germany: Frankfurt   |  |United Kingdom: London, Old Bond Street |  | | |Germany: Hamburg |  |  |United Kingdom: London, Royal Exchange |  | | |Germany: Munich |  |  |United Kingd om: London, Selfridges |  | | |Italy: Bologna |  |  |United Kingdom: London, Sloane Street |  | | |Italy: Florence |  |  | | | | |   | | | | | |  | |Canada and Central/South America |  |  |   |  | |   | |Canada: Toronto |  |  |Mexico: Mexico City, Palacio Store, Perisur |  | |Canada: Vancouver |  |  |Mexico: Mexico City, Palacio Store, Polanco |  | |Brazil: Sao Paulo, Jardins |  |  |Mexico: Monterrey, Palacio Store |  | |Brazil: Sao Paulo, Iguatemi Shopping Center |  |  |Mexico: Puebla, Palacio Store |  | |Mexico: Mexico City, Masaryk |  |  |Mexico: Santa Fe | | Asia-Pacific Excluding Japan |   |  |  | |Australia: Brisbane |  |  | |Australia: Melbourne |  |  | |Australia: Sydney |  |  | |China: Beijing, The Peninsula Palace Hotel |  |  | |China: Beijing, Oriental Plaza   |  | |China: Shanghai, Jiu Guang City Plaza |  |  | |China: Shanghai, Plaza 66 |  |  | |China: Tianjin |  |  | |Hon g Kong: Elements |  |  | |Hong Kong: Hong Kong International Airport |  |  | |Hong Kong: International Finance Center |  |  | |Hong Kong: The Landmark Center |  |  | |Hong Kong: Pacific Place |  |  | |Hong Kong: The Peninsula Hotel |  |  | |Hong Kong: Sogo Department Store |  |  | |Korea: Busan, Lotte Department Store |  |  | |Korea: Seoul, Galleria Luxury Hall East Dept. Store |  |  | |   |  |  | |Korea: Seoul, Hyundai Department Store |  |  | |Korea: Seoul, Hyundai Coex Department Store |  |  | |Korea: Seoul, Lotte Downtown Department Store |  |  | |Korea: Seoul, Lotte World |  |  | |Korea: Seoul, Shinsegae Main |  |  | |Macau: The Venetian Resort |  |  | |Macau: Wynn Resort |  |  | |Malaysia: Kuala Lumpur, KLCC |  |  | |Malaysia: Kuala Lumpur, Pavillion |  |  | |Singapore: Changi Airport |  |  | |Singapore: Ngee Ann City |  |  | |Singapore: Raffles Hotel |  |  | |Taiwan: Kaohsiung, Hanshin Department Store |  |  | |Taiwan: Taichung, Sogo Department Store |  |  | |Taiwan: Taipei, The Regent Hotel |  |  | |Taiwan: Taipei, Sogo Department Store |  |  | |Taiwan: Taipei, Taipei Financial Center | | | E. Service [pic] Customer service is a company's most effective tool, therefore, they strive to keep customers happy. Tiffany representatives are available for telephone and email support twenty-four hours a day. There are numerous informative FAQs and articles on their website. Email customer service. Any customer who has question or assistance can complete the special form. They can find this form in the web site of company. Jewelry care. Professional cleanings are recommended as often as once a year. For this reason company encourage customers to bring their Tiffany & Co. jewelry back to us for professional servicing. Company staff is knowledgeable and experienced in all aspects of jewelry care: cleaning gemstones, restringing pearls and repairing clasps and earring backs. Due to the fact that our items are bought over the Internet, cannot be tried on ahead of time and are bought site unseen, company have developed the following return and exchange policy for customer service purposes. For Returns: All returns must be postmarked within 7 days of delivery and must be in resalable conditions. Buyer is responsible for the shipping charges to return. The $9. 99 shipping fee and a 15% restocking fee will be deducted from the refund amount For Exchanges: Exchanges are only allowed for the items which are defective or damaged upon receipt or the items do not fit and are not subject to a restocking fee. Items must be returned within 15 days of delivery and the customer is responsible for shipping charges to return. All items can only exchange for equal price replacement Tiffany also arranges to have items resized. All purchases through Tiffany& Co. s website include a 30 day, full refund, satisfaction guarantee. II. Marketing Research Going into Kazakhstany market is a market development for company Tiffany, so managers of Tiffany need information in order to introduce products and services that create value in the mind of the customer. But the perception of value is a subjective one, and what customers value this year may be quite different from what they value next year. As such, the attributes that create value cannot simply be deducted from common knowledge. Rather, data must be collected and analyzed. The goal of marketing research is to provide the facts and direction that managers need to make their more important marketing decisions. In order to screen the market, our group made a standard test research, we created the questionnaire, that helps to identify if the population of Kazakhstan is ready to buy Tiffany products, sum of money, that people want to pay and finally the product mix, that will be appropriate in this country. The questionnaire has the following form: ? ! 1. . ( ) 2. ?) 18-24 b) 25-32 ?) 33-39 d) 40-46 e) 46 3. : ?) $1000 b) $1000 $2,500 ?) $2,500 ? 4. ? Tiffany? . , 5. ? 6. ?) $100-$250 b) $250-$500 ?) $1,000-$5,000 d) ? 7. - . , , 8. Tiffany? , , 9. a) ? b) ? c) ? d) ? 10. Tiffany? ?) b) c) ? 11. Tiffany? a) , b) , c) d) , ? , ! Our group made a research, 50 random respondents have answered questionnaire, and after the survey we received following results: 27% of respondents doesn’t know anything about Tiffany 48% are ready to buy Tiffany products, bu t have never done it before 18% know about Tiffany and already have use its production % are not interested in Tiffany products III. Financials A. Sales/revenue forecast(s): By territory: |   |  |Years Ended January  31, |  | |(in thousands) |  | |   | | |Net sales: |  |   | |   |  |   | |   |  |$ | By Products:    |  |   |  | |(in thousands) |  | |   | | |Net sales: |  |   | |   |  |   | |   |  |$ |  | | | | |2| | | | |,| | | | |8| | | | |5| | | | 9| | | | |,| | | | |9| | | | |9| | | | |7| |(in thousands) |  | |   | | |Expenses: |   |   |  |  |  | |   |   | | |(in thousands, except per share amounts) | |   | | |Net sales |   |$ | |   |   |   | |   |   |   | |   |   |   | |   |   |   | |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | |Net Income |   |$ |220,022 |   |   |$ |323,478 |   |   |$ |272,897 |   |   |   | | References: 1. Kotler P. (2003) Marketing Management. 11th edition. New Jersey, Pearson education Inc. 2. www. Gazeta. kz, (02. 01. 09),  «  ». [Online]. Available from: http://www. gazeta. kz/art. asp? aid=124611 [Accessed June 21  209] 3. , (03. 02. 09),  «  ». [Online] Available from: http://www. rosbalt. u/2009/02/03/614987. html [Accessed June 21 2009] 4. Tiffany , â€Å"Shareholder information† [Online] Available from: http://investor. tiffany. com/faq. cfm? SH_No_JavaScript=yes [Accessed June 21 2009] 5. www. Murman. ru,(05. 02. 09)  «  » [Online] Available from: http://business. murman. ru/research/33/473/? id=108 [Accessed June 21 2009] 6. Export. by,  «  », [Online] Available from: http://export. by/? act=s_docs=view=1615=by_country=58=archive=64 [Accessed June 21 2009] 7. http://www. tiffanyandcofoundation. org/news/article/08%20Urban%20Parks%20Program. spx – Tiffany & CO foundation 8. http://sec. edgar-online. com/tiffany œco/10-k-annual-report/2006/03/31/Section3. aspx -Annual report of Tiffany & Co 9. http://www. tiffany. com/ – the main website 10. http://online-jewelry-review. toptenreviews. com/tiffany-amp-co-review. html – Online Jewelry Review ———————– [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] World Wide Scale Increase the number of loyal users Attract new customers Different loyalty programs Make the products more affordable The price range starts from $100 Discounts, Coupons Tiffany’s lamp Charles Lewis Tiffany First Tiffany Store Tiffany Store in Tokio Wedding Rings Bvlgari rings Cartier rings

All Primary and Secondary Education Should Be Free Essay

Education is an important asset to any one’s life and should be available to every one of all ages. Certain levels of education should be available to people of different levels and should be easily accessible. We need a basic form of education in our everyday lives. If we did not learn simple arithmetic such as how to count or if we did not learn how to read, we would suffer in the real word. If we bought something, people could rob us of our change simply because we cannot count. We would not be able to learn if we cannot read. We would rely on pictures to describe things for us and to convey the message to us. We would lose the thrill of reading. All these basic skills are taught in primary school and everyone should have access to primary school education. It is essential that everyone goes to school and if money is what is stopping them, then the government needs to make a plan to help correct that. Primary education should be made free as it allows people to develop their brains and gain a basic knowledge of the world. The government should provide institutions which learners can attend to be educated which they currently do and they are called government schools. These schools should be subsidised by the government for people who really can’t afford school fees. If people have enough money and choose to attend a private learning institution and have to pay school fees, they should do that at their own will. School should be made compulsory from age six when children are able to understand and grasp concepts more easily until about the age of sixteen where they will have a broad knowledge of the world and can decide whether they want to further their studies in a more specialised way. The quality of learning should be of a good quality at all levels of education. Secondary education expands on the knowledge that learners have received from primary school. It is still a broad range of knowledge but more important knowledge is given to learners especially in terms of career choice paths. It should be free or subsidised by the government for people who are really underprivileged or who really can’t afford school fees. School gives children a basic knowledge in problem solving skills that they may need in their everyday lives. Secondary education is compulsory up until grade 9 since grade 10 is when learners choose specific subjects which they feel may help them later on in life or in the career they are interested in. School should be compulsory till the end of matric. It would keep young people off the street and they would be doing something constructive such as improving their education. Nobody wants to hire a sixteen-year-old which is the age you are allowed to leave school at. Those sixteen-year-olds end up jobless, sitting at home or can become involved in gangs or drugs. Instead of wasting their time, they should rather attend school. They choose not to go to school because they are lazy and need that push to make them do something. They stand a much better chance of getting a job with a matric certificate. Finishing school up until matric level also allows you to explore new areas in your life and so that you can help find yourself, your talents and your interests.

The Audit Committee and its importance Literature review

The Audit Committee and its importance - Literature review Example The aim of this essay has been thus concentrated on reviewing selected literatures based on the importance of audit committee in the modern day business context, working as a monitor as well as a guarantor of viability in corporate financial reporting. The ultimate objective of the essay will further emphasise the power held by audit committee to affect the corporate financial operations following critical evaluation of secondary evidences. Discussion Historical Background Gendron & Be?dard (2006) revealed that it is owing to this rising pressure that organisations are driven towards maintaining transparency at every level of the managerial processes. Correspondingly, as financials hold considerable importance in managerial processes, the influence of audit committee also expands to a substantial extent. Drawing from this inference made by Gendron & Be?dard (2006), it can be affirmed that comparative to the traditional business contexts, competition and influences of external forces have increased in manifolds in the 21st century. These external forces, such as rising competition, globalisation, changing customers’ behaviour and governmental interventions further increase pressure on the organisation to perform and sustain in the industry. Emphasising the significance of audit committees, Cohen & et. al. (2002) further revealed that corporate governance, as a regulatory body of modern organisations, also imposes substantial impacts on the audit process’ significances and correspondingly on audit committees’ functioning. Notably, corporate governance itself is a modern concept of effective organisational management. Therefore, correlating the supervisory functions of corporate governance with the growing significance of auditing and audit committees shall be deemed rationale, when justifying the post modern advancements of corporate financial performances in comparison to the traditional forms. Considering these aspects, audit committees hav e been argued as a mosaic of corporate governance by Cohen & et. al. (2002), acting as the segment responsible for deterring fraud in the process of ensuring effective financial reporting. Making critical evaluations based on this presumption, Turley & Zaman (2007) revealed that the audit committees’ influences work stronger and more apparent outside the formal system followed when operating in alliance with corporate governance participants in an organisation. Turley & Zaman (2007) further argues that audit committees can be used for positive as well as negative intentions to gain governance control through political incentives within the organisation apart from applying its functions to raise transparency in the corporate reporting procedure. Based on the study of Turley & Zaman (2007), it can thus be inferred that on a positive note, audit committees may pressurise corporate participants to maintain transparency, but from a negative viewpoint, it also acts as a tool to obt ain greater power in the authoritative construction of the organisation. However, in either ways, audit committee is signified to hold considerable power in influencing the overall organisational effectiveness. Methodologies Cohen & et. al., (2002) initiated an

Compare Article 5-109 (a) of the ( Amercian) Uniform Commercial Code Essay - 1

Compare Article 5-109 (a) of the ( Amercian) Uniform Commercial Code with the approach under english, the full question is in the attachment - Essay Example This also stands to be true in a scenario when the transaction being backed by a letter of credit does not actually take place. On the one side, the letters of credit extend to the sellers the assurance of a guaranteed payment, while on the other side they safeguard the interests of the buyers by necessitating the presentation of the right documents that to a large extent ensure performance. Such documents may be the like of insurance forms, transportation documents and quality related certificates. The underlying dogma supporting the autonomy principles associated with letters of credit is that the transaction backed by a letter of credit stands to be autonomous of the sales deed formalized by the buyer and the beneficiary. To put it simply, the two essentially contractual arrangements mentioned above are regarded as being independent of each other. In other words, the utility of a letters of credit is pragmatically solemnized by the severance of services and documents. It is this principle that is the legal ground on the basis of which banks agree to such transactions. As already mentioned, a letter of credit is the legal and financial instrument, which extends to the beneficiary the security of getting the payment due to one. Yet, this bolstering of security to the beneficiary in a way dilutes the security against risk or loss to the account party. Thus, in the letters of credit, the balance of risk is tilted more in favour of the seller. Though the autonomy principle practically assures the expected commercial results in business transactions, this principle stands to be defective and inequitable when the underlying transaction is vitiated by a fraud. Under such circumstances, the autonomy principle gets limited by the fraud exception. In the United States, in Maurice O’Meara Co v National Park Bank, the court of law simply denied the possibility of invoking a fraud exception.

Wellness plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Wellness plan - Essay Example As an individual, daily exercise has been part of my life since my childhood in my home country [United Arab Emirates]. I have to admit, however, that my university studies in the United States have had a bit of disruptions on the daily exercise hours. I had to reorganize myself for better grades in my first year, and as such, a lot of gym time had to be slashed to keep the scholarship grants flowing. The fear of failing myself and my parents who were very much against my studies abroad at age 17, which they considered too young to face the outside world individually. As a person with knowledge about the benefits of exercises informed by a long history of family engagements with physical exercises, it is a concern that I had forego the daily physical exercises, for the health consequences are but serious both in terms of monetary cost and health wise. I, thus, plan to increase and breaded my daily exercises to include walking upstairs rather than the use of lifts, outdoor bicycle rid es, among other co-curricular activities such as swimming. In my yet to be reorganized schedule, four sessions a week in the gym will be a mandatory undertaking by week four. In the meantime, more so in the very first week, I have purposed to take in swimming, playing tennis, carting and bowling. These activities are not only fun, but does help to enhance my health even without going to the gym everyday. That in addition to the physical exercises, good nutrition and a healthy body weight must be pursued to guarantee a person’s overall health and well-being. Due to pressures of class work, I have developed poor diets, with fast foods getting on my menus almost on a daily basis. Changing my food diet will, thus, help a great deal in my pursuit of a healthy lifestyle as well as jolting my efforts in keeping up with warding off lack of exercise related diseases. Such foods rich in

The responsibility to protect Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

The responsibility to protect - Essay Example 1). There has always been a traditional emphasis on state sovereignty, which means that every nation state is free to govern its country and its people as it sees fit, without intervention from other countries. That said, there have always been threats to this sovereignty, due to the global nature of the world and nations who try to intervene for various purposes. However, until the early 2000s, there has not been a perspective that the sovereignty of nations should be compromised in the cases of mass genocide and the like, or at least there has not been the perspective that there should be a doctrine to address this, and that this doctrine should be viewed through the eyes of the victims. That all changed with the Responsibility to Protect doctrine. This doctrine, while imperfect, and viewed with a great deal of suspicion by many countries as a â€Å"Trojan Horse† through which nations can invade one another with ostensible humanitarian goals, has still been beneficial to som e extent, although has not seemed to go far enough in abating atrocities that have occurred around the world. This paper will examine the nature of sovereignty, the origins of the responsibility to protect, and the effect it has had on the world community since its inception. The Traditional Meaning of Sovereignty In order to better understand the concept of the responsibility to protect, and how it diverges from traditional understandings, one must understand the meaning of state sovereignty, which has been described as â€Å"a defining principle of interstate relations and the foundation of world order† (Supplement to the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty). Traditionally, nation-states have sovereignty, which means that each nation is free to rule over its people as it sees fit, and dispose of its resources in same manner. However, this power is not absolute, and it subjected to regulations and constraints from the international body (Internatio nal Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty, p. 12). One of the traditional tenets of state sovereignty is the tenet that each nation respects other nation’s sovereignty, so that the policy of non-intervention is the international norm. If this is violated, and another nation penetrates a nation’s sovereignty, then the offended nation has the right to defend itself (International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty, p. 12). The United Nations was the body that protected state sovereignty. However, the concept of state sovereignty has always been a tenuous one. The powerful typically invade the province of nations, and the globalization of today’s world recognizes that environmental, cultural and economic influences do not respect national borders, partly due to new technologies and advances in communication (Supplement to the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty) The traditional notion of sovereignty has further ev olved to where states agree that sovereignty is a responsibility. As such, states agree that protecting its citizens is a condition for maintaining its sovereignty. Further, as a condition of sovereignty, national leaders are accountable for their own actions, and nations are accountable to the international bodies for how that nation treats its populace (International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty, p. 12). The Responsibility to Protect The Responsibilit

5 paragraphy report on Neoclassic & Romantic Periods Essay

5 paragraphy report on Neoclassic & Romantic Periods - Essay Example Neoclassicism looked for purity and control in art: boldly defined colors and re-workings of classical models from ancient Greece marked the best of Neoclassical art. Models and sculptures from Attica and Athens belonging to the fourth and fifth centuries were thought to be the ideal works that all artists should emulate and aspire for. Romantics, however, believed that true art was to be found in nature and the ‘common folk’ of the countryside. They held up novelty and individuality as supreme and rebelled against the oppressive, controlling forces of cultured society. The Neoclassicism movement began in France with the end of the ancient regime, or the old order of monarchy. Its preoccupation with Athenian democracy and Roman republicanism was associated with the ideals of heroism, clarity and stability that the Neoclassicists sought in their art. Napoleon Bonaparte used this style to embody his rule and enhance his image as a political leader. Jacques-Louis David, one of the most prominent Neoclassical painters, portrays in his Oath of the Horatii, an event that represented honor and self-sacrifice. Bonaparte emerged as a great patron for artists and sanctioned numerous triumphal arches to commemorate his victories. Arch of Titus is one of the prime examples of this trait of his. Jean-Auguste Dominique Ingres’s painting of Napoleon in 1806 is another rich example of the art of this period: the red velvet, the gold and the ermine all engulf the emperor, a characteristic opulence of the neoclassicists. America’s revolt against her co lonizers and the consequent effort at breaking away from the ‘Georgian’ style led to an adoption of Neoclassical sentiments. This is exemplified in Thomas Jefferson who was immortalized by Jean-Antoine Houdon in a marble bust. Romanticism spread through West Europe and the USA in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. It draws from the Gothic tradition, a longing for the

Was Stalinism Uniformly Applied across Central and East Europe in The Essay

Was Stalinism Uniformly Applied across Central and East Europe in The Post-war Period - Essay Example This essay shall focus on whether Stalinism was uniformly applied across East and Central Europe in the post-war period. Focus shall be shed on Poland and Hungary as case studies of scrutinizing the application of Stalinism in the countries. 2.0. Body 2.1. Stalinism in Poland The climax of Stalinism in Poland took shape in the 1950 and 1953. According to the study conducted by Coutouvidis & Reynolds (1985) at this time, Poland witnessed unvarying conquest and obligations to deal with the ideals of the Soviet communist policies. In this country, Stalin’s rule took the form of causing disorder in the society. In addition, the country was subjected to continuous forms of revulsions that saw the members of the public being deprived of various forms of rights and privileges. In reality, it is defensible to argue that the country was slowly being turned to capitulation under a dictatorial regime under the leadership of the Polish United Workers Party. With the country enjoying a dom inance of the Polish United Workers Party, the laypeople had nothing much to say, but to heed to the demands of the party. Nonetheless, it is important to comprehend that the country also had other parties, though these parties did not have any voice, and were merely ceremonial. Studies point out that these parties also worked for the benefit of the Polish United Workers Party. In the research conducted by De Weydenthal (1979), the kind of leadership in Poland relied on the hands of a few people. Through these individuals, it became a lot easier to administer dictatorial rule on the populace in the country. At this time, it is also evident that Stalin applied the use of private forces that boosted the ability of the communists to administer their ruling in the country. Additionally, through the use of the militia groups in the country, the communists were able to attract a huge number of persons into the ideology, since a lot of people in Poland did not have a soft spot for the part y. Polonsky & Drukier (1980) emphasize that a lot of crimes were committed in Stalin’s era in Poland, and all of them were well covered up by Stalin’s people. In fact the number of brutal deaths that were recorded during Stalin’s reign recorded an escalating trend, though all of them were all covered up by the people working behind Stalin. A lot of people were taken through psychological torture as well as physical, yet the officers remained innocent under the Stalin’s directions. In the case of Poland, Stalinism took the shape of destroying all the people that were against the rule as well as upcoming individuals who had the ability of overthrowing the entire system. The rates of murder went high at all levels of the society including the members of the church who were opponents of the law by Stalin. The concepts of the Soviet Union were taught to the society, even to the children of low status and the minors in the society. The country closed all the co ntacts from the West or any other diplomatic relations and shifted the attention to USSR. With the demise of Stalin, the whole situation changed and the country regained its earlier status. The populace had more enjoyed democracy that had completely been banded by Stalin.  

The Religion of Christianity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Religion of Christianity - Essay Example Aeneas is the center character of Vigil’s Latin epic The Aeneid, a legendary story of a Trojan (Aeneas) who traveled to Italy and became the ancestor of Romans. Aeneas is depicted as an ideal and one of the great epic heroes. He was one of the few survivors of the Trojan War and an ancestor of the Roman emperor Augustus. He had guided the men through the perils of uncharted waters, and other adversities to their destined land that was supposed to become Rome someday. Aeneas has been endorsed with the characteristics, which were highly idealized during Vigil’s time in Rome. These virtues were piety or faith in the will of God, courage, determination, skilled warrior ship and inspiring leadership. Aeneas reflected the personification of the heroic origins of Rome and a flawless hero. Conventionally a young student should read Julius Caesar, Cicero, Ovid and Catullus before reading Aeneid. The character of Aeneas should be studied and understood by the young Roman students mainly to understand the virtuous Roman ancestory and the values of a great leader that one should find in Aeneas. Piety or reverence for Gods was one of the values highlighted in the epic through the character of Aeneas who sent prayers and sacrifices to the gods and asked for assistance. It also reflected the devotion and the power of the gods who helped in the creation of Rome. Through the role of Aeneas Vigil showed how prayers worked and disrespectful (towards the will and power of gods) people are punished. For an instance during the war between Aeneas and Mezentius, Aeneas’ prayers to Apollo gets answered by his victory while Mezentius who claimed not to care for or fear gods has to face death. Aeneas’ sacrifices of the cow and sucklings to Juno, prayers to Jupiter before killing Remulus, all reflect his utter dedication and faith. At times the reader may feel that he was too much into the sacrifices and prayers but the connection between profound faith and success is established – a faith that was embedded in the tradition of Rome and hence the young generation also needs to remember that.

What are the pros of unification on East Germany Essay

What are the pros of unification on East Germany - Essay Example Germany rose in the international politics and became the largest and strongest country economically, in the European Union. This political stability could be seen in the nature of elections and policy processes that took place in the country. The state ensured that the citizens participated in the countrys political affairs. The government educated the citizens on political systems, making them aware of their role. Policy making processes became transparent with the interest of the citizens at heart (Dalton et al). Introduction of a functioning currency (Deutschmark) was an economic benefit to the country. In addition, stable administrative and legal systems attracted investors in the country. Thus, Germany had access to European markets and funds. Between the years of 1990 and 2006, the European Union had given 17.9 billion Euros to Germany. These funds have assisted the country dealing with the economic and policy challenges (Dalton et al).

Scarecrows Pythagorean Theorem Essay Example for Free

Scarecrows Pythagorean Theorem Essay The Pythagorean theorem is one of the earliest theorems known to ancient civilization. The well-known theorem is named after the Greek mathematician and philosopher, Pythagoras. In the Wizard of Oz, after the Scarecrow gets a brain, he states the Pythagorean theorem. However, he mistakenly says it applies to an isosceles triangle when it applies to a right triangle. He not only says the wrong triangle, he also gets the equation wrong. The Scarecrow says, â€Å"The sum of the square root of two sides of an isosceles triangle is equal to the square root of the third side. † The correct equation for the Pythagorean theorem is, â€Å"The sum of the squares of the two legs of a right triangle is equal to the square of the hypotenuse.† The isosceles triangle is a triangle with at least two equal sides; it also has two equal angles. The Pythagorean theorem is a statement about triangles containing a right angle. A right triangle is a triangle with a ninety-degree angle. With the Pythagorean theorem, you take a triangle with a right angle and make a square on each of the three sides; the biggest square has the exact same area as the two other squares put together. A square root of a number is a value that can be multiplied by itself to give the original number. Here is an example of a square root; the square root of nine is three because when three is multiplied by itself you get nine. To square a number, you just  multiply it by itself, as in the Pythagorean theorem. You can also square negative numbers, when you square a negative number you get a positive answer.  Although the Scarecrow got a brain from the wizard, he didn’t necessarily get the knowledge of having a brain. He messed up the Pythagorean theorem multiple times. He said that it had to do with square roots and isosceles triangles when the correct equation has to do with right triangles and the sum of the squares. References http://jwilson.coe.uga.edu/emt669/student.folders/morris.stephanie/emt.669/essay.1/pythagorean.html http://www.moviemistakes.com/film1418/corrections/page4 http://www.mathsisfun.com/square-root.html

Nature of Granular Cells in Granular Cell Ameloblastoma

Nature of Granular Cells in Granular Cell Ameloblastoma IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL STUDY Objective: To evaluate the nature of granular cells in granular cell ameloblastoma Study Design: Tissue specimens of five patients with granular cell ameloblastoma were fixed in buffered formalin and later embedded in paraffin wax. Blocks were sliced into 3micron thick sections for immunohistochemicalanalysis using a panel of markers CD68, Bcl2, S100, P53,Cytokeratin(AE1/AE3),vimentin and desmin Results: All five cases were strongly positive for cytokeratin and CD68. S100 was negative in three cases and showed mild positivity in two cases . Bcl2, P53, Vimentin and Desminwere negative in all the five cases. Conclusions: This study presents a heterogenous nature of the granular cells, however further validation is required with a larger sample size. INTRODUCTION: Ameloblastoma is a benign odontogenic tumour usually located in the jaw bone [1]. It is considered to be the most common odontogenic tumor. It is a tumor of the enamel organ without formation of enamel. Robinson has defined it as: Unicentric, nonfunctional, intermittent in growth, anatomically benign and clinically persistent. The importance of this tumor lies in its common occurrence, locally invasive behavior which causes marked deformity and serious debilitation. They also demonstrate increased recurrence rate after surgery. [2]It has a distinctive microscopic appearance characterized by the presence of peripheral columnar cells with hyperchromatic, reversely polarized nuclei, arranged in a palisaded pattern. [3] Conventional solid or multicysticameloblastoma exhibits six microscopic subtypes namely follicular, plexiform, acanthomatous, granular cell, desmoplastic and basal cell ameloblastoma. [4]. The follicular and plexiform patterns are the most frequent. Less common histopathologic subtypes include the acanthomathous, granular cell, desmoplastic, and basal cell [1,5] Granular cell ameloblastoma (GCA) is one of the rare histological variants of ameloblastomaaccounting for only 3. 5% of ameloblastomas. [5] Granular cell ameloblastoma is characterized by nests of large, eosinophilic granular cells. [6] Aggressive behaviour has been ruled out by many studies and suggest that granular cells are just a transitional or matured phase in the life cycle of ameloblastomas, starting with normal stellate reticulum-like cells, leading to a production of granules and finally leading to degeneration and formation of cystic areas. [7] Whether granular cell change in ameloblastoma is a degenerative process or a harbinger of a more aggressive course is a matter of debate. [8] [Figure 1 2] Previous studies have carried out ultrastructural, histochemical and immunohistochemical methods to characterize the nature of the granular cells , though the mechanism involved is poorly understood. The present study attempts to do an immunohistochemical analysis with a panel of markers to study the nature of granular cells in granular cell ameloblastoma. Due to its rarity accounting to 3. 5%, literature search revealed that majority of them were single case studies . This study is the first of its kind to report antigenic characterization in five such cases with a wide range of markers. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Case Selection: Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue blocks of granular cell ameloblastoma were retrieved from the archives of Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, SRM Dental College, Chennai. The clinical data of the patients are listed in table 1. Immunohistochemical Analysis: Immunohistochemical analysis was performed on 3 µ tissue sections on poly-L-Lysine coated slides (Biogenix Life Sciences Limited, CA, US). Pre-diluted ready to use primary monoclonal mouse anti CD-68, anti – Bcl2,anti-S 100, anti-P53, anti-cytokeratin antibody (AE1/AE3), anti-Vimentin and anti-Desmin(Biogenix Life Sciences Limited, CA, US)were used followed by thesuper sensitive polymer HRP detection system(Biogenix Life Sciences Limited, CA, US). Colored reactions were developed by incubating with 33-diaminobenzidine and subsequently counterstained with Harris hematoxylin. Positive and negative controls were included in all reactions. Presence of brown coloured end product at the site of target antigen was indicative of positive immunoreactivity. Evaluation of theimmunoreactivity was based on staining intensity and wereclassified asweak, moderate, and strong. Localization of positively stained cells in peripheral ameloblast-like cells, central stellate reticulum like cells , and granular cells were also evaluated. RESULTS: Immunoreactivity of the markers used in the study are listed in table 2. CD-68expressed strong positivity in all the five cases. Positivity was observed only in the granular cells. Cytokeratin (AE1/AE3) expressed strong positivity in all the five cases by staining peripheral cells, stellate reticulum like cells and granular cells. Bcl2, P53, Vimentin and Desminexhibited negative staining in all the five cases. DISCUSSION: Granular cell ameloblastoma accounts to 3. 5% of all ameloblastomas [11]. The lesion presents with marked transformation of thecytoplasm of the stellate reticulum like cells, so that the cells take on a very coarse, granular, eosinophilic appearance. [5] GCA is known to be aggressive histologic variant among all the ameloblastoma . Granular cells have been described in other odontogenic tumor, the granular cell ameloblastic fibromaand oral lesions, such as congenital epulis and granular cell tumor [12] The nature of various oral granular cell lesions is unclear, and many theories have been proposed for the origin of granules, the principal ones are odontogenic, fibroblastic, histiocytic, myoblastic, and neurogenic. [13] Granular cells are also seen associated with the enamel organ of developing tooth. [14] The granular appearance has been ascribed to numerous lysosomes based on histochemical and electron microscopic findings. Ultrastructurally, the osmiophilic internal structure of the lysosomes varies considerably. [15] Many of these granules approach 1à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ °ÃŽ ¼m in size; giant granules of 30à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ °ÃŽ ¼m in diameter are rarely seen. They present with features of finger-print-like membranous structures, myelin figures, small particles, granules, vesicles, lattice structures, and crystalloids. This diversity may represent different materials and stages of digestion of the lysosomal contents. The myelin figures suggest the presence of phospholipid in the granules. Therefore, it has been concluded by many authors that numerous lysosomes represent increased cellular actions of the tumour ameloblasts to digest unwanted components [14,16]. Considerable interest about the nature of granular cells in ameloblastoma ever since it was recognized has happened because of its reported aggressive behaviour however recent literature reports speculate that the granular cell transformation in granular cell ameloblastoma may be associated with the aging phenomenon. [17,18,19] The present study was carried out in five cases of granular cell ameloblastoma to ascertain the nature of the granules using a panel of markers CD68, Bcl2, S100, P53, Cytokeratin (AE1/AE3),vimentin and desmin. Strong positivity for cytokeratin and CD68was noted in all the cases. S100 was negative in three cases and mildly positive in two cases. P53,Bcl 2,Vimentin and desmin were negative in all the five cases. [Table 2] The nature of granules in granular cell ameloblastoma in the previous studies have reported epithelial origin due to consistent positivity with cytokeratin and negativity with other mesenchymal markers. [Figure 3] Presence of strong positivity with CD68 in granular cells indicates the presence of lysosomal aggregates. [Figure 4] Negative expression of antiapoptotic factors such as Bcl-2 and p53 proteins in granular cells indicate that there is increased apoptosis in the granular cells. This finding was similar to the report by Kumomoto et al who reported apoptosis in the granular cells [20]. Contradictory to previous reports is the presence of mild positivity with S100 unlike other previously published reports. S100 is normally present in cells derived from the  neural crest ( Schwann cells, and  melanocytes),  chondrocytes,  adipocytes,  myoepithelialcells,  macrophages,  Langerhans cells,  dendritic cells, and keratinocytes. Mild positivity of S100 could be suggestive of transdifferentiation of the cells. Such heterogenous presentation of granular ameloblastomas evokes more interest to further ratify its true nature. CONCLUSION: The current immunohistochemicalpanel could be evolved further for a better understanding of the nature of the granular cells in ameloblastomas. Further studies with more number of cases could help reason out the antigenic heterogeneity of granular cell ameloblastoma.

The comfort women

The comfort women The comfort women issue has been a controversial topic since December 1991, where Kim Hak-sun and several other Korean women came forward in a lawsuit against the Japanese government demanding reparation as former â€Å"comfort women.†[1] Undoubtedly, there is an abundance of literature concerning the issue from both Japanese and American scholars. In addition, the media illustrates many different positions that have been and are still argued today. Yuki Tanaka, however, provides an interesting analysis of Japans comfort system in his book, Japans Comfort Women: Sexual slavery and prostitution during World War II and the US Occupation. He begins on a personal note concerning his father and uncles being part of the Kwantung Army; one of many groups who participated in the comfort system. Tanaka suggests that the Japanese soldiers were not â€Å"monsters† but average and banal human beings whose participation was a â€Å"personal choice,† not a mass conspiracy of evil.[2] In essence, Yuki Tanakas book provides a sound examination of the origins and structure of the comfort system during World War II, as well as its further establishment for the Allies during the US occupation. However, Tanaka neglects the issue of â€Å"slavery† and overemphasizes the issue of â€Å"sex† within the comfort women system. While this is not to say that he fails to acknowledge the slavery issue, his book is driven towards the universal connection between war and sex, in relation to his focus on the ideologies of masculinity and dominance as sole grounds for the brutality against comfort women in Japan and later on in the expanse of Asia. In this review, I examine Tanakas approach on the comfort women issue by evaluating how his literature is structured. I also examine his literatures dependency on the aspects of dominance, masculinity and sex during the wartime as reasoning for his chosen direction on the comfort women issue. Lastly, I examine Tanakas use of terminology throughout his book and determine whether his chosen terminology indicates a trivial bias or an unconscious effort to categorize the differing levels of brutality in which the Japanese military and the Allied occupation forces exploit comfort women. Tanakas motivation to further investigate the comfort women issue stems from the continued silence from his father and uncles concerning certain Japanese war experiences. He suggests that he learned about his fathers wartime experiences through a historical filter, which is often a common practice with history-telling. Tanaka states that the silence warrants a further examination of the history of Japanese prostitution, as well as the practice of wartime prostitution by other nations, specifically the US and Australia.[3] Although Tanaka does not excuse what Japan did to women during World War II, he explains that it was â€Å"part of a pervasive pattern of worldwide male aggression and domination.†[4] Ultimately, Tanaka universalizes certain aspects of Japans military prostitution and the institution of the comfort system. This provides an interesting and rational approach to the issue, since deeming the comfort system as an isolated incident would be careless and ignorant. Tanaka structures his book into six chapters: the origins of the comfort women system, procurement of comfort women and their lives as sexual slaves, comfort women in the Dutch East Indies, why the US forces ignored the comfort women issue, sexual violence committed by the Allied occupation forces, and Japanese comfort women for the Allied occupation forces. In chapter one, he provides a detailed illustration of the how the comfort system started and how it grew from mass recruitment, coercion, abduction and transaction. Tanaka specifically relates the structure of the comfort system to the karayuki-san system of overseas prostitution. He highlights the progressive nature of the Japanese military prostitution system of using professional Japanese prostitutes to using Korean women in the comfort stations. In chapter two, Tanaka examines the significant emergence of Korean women in comfort stations during Japans colonization of Korea. While most literature concerning the comfort women issue focus on the exploitation of Korean women, Tanaka analyzes the circumstances pertaining to the use of Korean women as the main source for the comfort system. To enhance this aspect, he uses testimonies from Korean, Chinese, Taiwanese and Filipino comfort women victims to emphasize the drastic expansion of the system from China and the Shanghai Incident in 1932, to the entire Asia-Pacific zone after Japans attack on Pearl Harbor.[5] In chapters three and four, Tanakas focus turns away from the Asian community and towards the international community to examine common characteristics of military prostitution between the Japanese military and the Allied occupation forces.[6] Tanaka first examines the Dutch, Eurasian and Indonesian comfort women in the Dutch East Indies, where the Dutch military prosecute the Japanese military for crimes against the Dutch women, but not for the Asian women situated in the Dutch East Indies.[7] The issue of race is a significant aspect to how the comfort system is structured, as well as how the US and other Allied occupation forces fail to prosecute the Japanese military for crimes against humanity for all comfort women victims. Tanaka highlights the aspect of racial discrimination to place responsibility on the Allied forces for exacerbating the issue by failing to take action against the Japanese military. He also examines how the US occupation forces, along with the British and Au stralian troops, maintained similar policies of â€Å"military-controlled prostitution†[8] as the Japanese military. In addition, Tanaka raises important questions pertaining to whether these policies are still a common practice in contemporary military forces, and whether this issue is â€Å"integral to the relationship between war and sexuality.†[9] Tanakas approach to the comfort women issue takes on a broader focus, which encompasses other nations as active participants in their acts of brutality against comfort women. In chapter five, Tanaka uses a wide variety of Japanese and American documents to examine the true nature of the Allied forces military-controlled prostitution and the extent of the violence and rape suffered by women. With this chapter, Tanaka aims to bring the problematic relationship between war and sexuality into the spotlight of the comfort women issue. In chapter six, Tanaka establishes that the characteristics of the wartime comfort system were similar to the Recreation and Amusement Association (RAA) established specifically for the Allied occupation forces. He maintains that the RAA was a less brutal establishment of military prostitution than that of the Japanese wartime comfort system. However, historian Bob T. Wakabayashi argues that â€Å"[i]f the Allies sexual exploitation of women was less brutal, then, this was largely because it was more lucrative for the women.†[10] Throughout the book, Tanaka emphasizes the problem of venereal disease, which only increased a s the comfort system expanded. While policies were implemented to prevent the spread of venereal diseases, none of the implemented polices attempted to discontinue the system. This, Tanaka suggests, shows how the preventive policies only increased venereal disease because soldiers were working around the policies to find other ways to meet with prostitutes. By examining how Tanaka structures his book, his approach on the comfort women issue suggests that he believes the role of the Allied occupation forces in the comfort system is explained by the ideological relationship between war and sexuality. Tanakas approach to the comfort women issue is defined by his books dependency on the aspects of dominance, masculinity and sex during wartime. He uses these aspects to universalize characteristics of the comfort system as an example of the relationship between war and sex. In addition, Joy Damousi also suggests that Tanaka views â€Å"racism and nationalism [as] interrelated within the ideology of masculinity †¦ [where] sexual abuse of women symbolized the dominance of the conquerors.†[11] Wakabayashi, however, argues that Tanaka purposefully shifts the issues focus from Korea to the Asia-Pacific zone to look for â€Å"charges of criminality† from international law rather than domestic law.[12] Tanaka addresses the parallel between the violation of the womans body and the domination over the enemy on the battlefield. He states that the brothels and prostitutes were used because soldiers believed that women were there to help the soldiers who fought to protect the ir country.[13] This type of reasoning indicates that the soldiers saw their relations with comfort women as a transaction of returned favors. Tanaka states that the soldiers mindset stems from aspects of dominance and masculinity enforced in preparation for the war. Tanaka also theorizes that sexual activity, especially during wartimes, provides an escape from reality, similar to the effects of alcohol.[14] Ultimately, it is used as a weapon against death. In relation to war, violence is needed when fighting wars, which translates into violence against women, in this case against comfort women. Physical domination over women, especially women of the enemy, translates into the humiliation of the enemy.[15] This type of war mentality is very common, not just with the Japanese military, but with the Allied occupation forces as well. Wakabayashi, thus, questions why Japan is the only country under litigation if other Allied occupation forces from the US and Australia also played a role in exacerbating the comfort system. A. Hamish Ion disagrees with Wakabayashis assessment and states that while the Allied occupation forces behavior was cruel, it â€Å"does not equate with that of the wartime Japanese military.†[16] Ultimately, the sexual abu se of women is inevitable during wartime because soldiers are trained to exude masculinity and dominance, which Tanaka explains is the â€Å"military culture of sexualized masculinity, a phenomenon common to military organizations regardless of nationality.†[17] Tanaka provides an interesting comparison between war and sexuality in relation to how this ideological relationship shaped the comfort system during World War II and into the US occupation. While Tanaka gives the impression that he believes the Allied occupation forces played a significant role in exploiting Asian women, he reasons that it was less brutal than the exploitation suffered during the wartime. Wakabayashi argues that Tanaka shifts the focus of the comfort system towards the Asia-Pacific zone for the purpose of using international law to evaluate the Japanese military. However, one must acknowledge that Tanakas shift in focus also emphasizes sexuality and its effect on war. For this reason, he concludes the use of sex was a main factor in sustaining military discipline.[18] Tanakas use of terminology throughout his book also factors into how he illustrates the comfort women issue. From examining his term use, the reader can question whether his literature depicts a bias or merely an effort to distinguish the severity of Japans military prostitution and the Allied occupation forces exploitation of women. Throughout his book, Tanaka does not use the term â€Å"coerced† like many other authors do in their literature. Instead, he consistently uses the terms â€Å"forced† and â€Å"recruit† in reference to how comfort women were procured. This is especially pronounced in chapter two: procurement of comfort women and their lives as sexual slaves, where Tanaka examines the circumstances of Chinese and Filipino comfort women. Often times, the Japanese military did not have to conceal how they were treating civilians.[19] In this case, using the term â€Å"coerced† implies bullying and intimidation, while using the term â€Å"forced † implies an outright proactive recruitment. In addition, Prime Minister Shinzo Abes definition of â€Å"coercion† states that â€Å"government authorities [were] breaking into private homes and taking [women] like kidnappers,†[20] which proves to be a fitting definition in the procurement of Chinese and Filipino comfort women. Tanaka also uses the term â€Å"procure† as a more general reference to how the Japanese military were obtaining and acquiring women for the comfort system. The overall use of this term encompasses terms such as â€Å"coercing,† â€Å"forcing† and â€Å"recruiting† in relation to the comfort system because it only specifies that the women were obtained, not the method in which they were obtained. Wakabayashi also hints at Tanakas â€Å"slight bias† when referring to â€Å"sexual slavery† for Japan and â€Å"military-controlled† prostitution for the Allied forces.[21] Ultimately, Wakabayashi feels that Tanaka â€Å"downplays Western military sexual violence†[22] because he categorizes Japan and the Allies role in the exploitation of women differently. Wakabayashi also accuses Tanaka of being hypocritical because Tanaka states in his introduction that he means no offence by using terms such as â€Å"comfort women† and â€Å"comfort stations† in his literature, which he describes as â€Å"cruel euphemisms.†[23] In addition, Wakabayashi is bothered by Tanakas use of the acronym â€Å"RAA† to refer to the â€Å"Recreation and Amusement Association† established specifically for the Allied occupation forces. However, it can be argued that Tanaka uses acronyms throughout his book, including the terms General Head Quarter s (GHQ), venereal disease (VD) and Government Issue (GI). His use of acronyms could either mean he is attempting to save the reader from repeatedly reading â€Å"venereal disease† numerous times, or that he is trying to downplay the Allies involvement in the exploitation because most of his acronym usage is located in the chapters focused on the Allies. It is not difficult to see why Tanaka downplays the Allied occupation forces involvement, especially when he refers to terms such as â€Å"prostitution† and â€Å"sexual slavery.† In this case, prostitution implies â€Å"payment of sexual union.†[24] Tanaka provides a brief examination of the structure of a comfort establishment by the Recreation and Amusement Association (RAA). The GI is to pay at the front desk and pick up a ticket and a condom before meeting with the comfort woman. In the morning, the comfort woman goes to the front desk to claim half of the money paid. Therefore, one could agree with Tanaka and argue that the RAA and the Allied occupation forces were not as brutal in their exploitation, which is why only Japan is involved in litigation concerning the comfort women issue. By examining Tanakas terminology throughout his book, one can establish that his use of certain terms indicates a bias, but not an unexamined one. His chosen terminology als o emphasizes the sexuality aspect of war and its effect on how both Japanese and Allied troops influenced the comfort system. This review centers around the argument that Yuki Tanaka overemphasizes the aspect of â€Å"sex† and not enough on the aspect of â€Å"slavery.† This is because Tanakas approach on the comfort women issue is dependent upon the relationship between war and sex. This relationship implies a universality of certain characteristics of the comfort system or at least characteristics of military prostitution exploited by all nations. By examining the structure of his book and the terminology he uses, one can identify that Tanaka aims to investigate certain war experiences that the older generation of World War II, from Japan, the US and Australia, maintained silence about. In essence, Tanaka relies heavily on the aspect of â€Å"sex† where A. Hamish Ion also points out, â€Å"the issue at heart is not sex but slavery.†[25] Tanakas book provides an interesting yet reasonable approach to the comfort women issue. He manages to examine different sources from the Japanese Archives, the Australian National Archives and War Memorial, as well as the US National Archives, which allowed him to map out patterns and continuities between military prostitution and war mentality. He provides many primary documents throughout his book, including comfort women and military officials testimonies, witness reports, statistical data as well as photographs. He attributes most of this research to his fourth and fifth chapters, which would have turned out differently had he not visited the US National Archives. Tanakas book not only provides insight to the origins and structure of the comfort system during World War II, but also establishes the Allied occupation forces as a major contributor for the silence maintained concerning the comfort women issue. Therefore from this abundance of information Tanaka provides, one can co nclude that the established silence on the issue was not for the lack of resources, but because literature has over-examined different aspects of the same angle. [1] I use the term â€Å"comfort women† without quotation marks throughout the review to stay consistent with the authors use of the term in his book. [2] Yuki Tanaka, Japans Comfort Women: Sexual slavery and prostitution during World War II and the US Occupation (New York: Routledge, 2002) 3-4. [3] Tanaka, Japans Comfort Women, 2. [4] Tanaka, Japans Comfort Women, (Forward) xvi. [5] Tanaka, Japans Comfort Women, 5. [6] Raymond Lamont-Brown, â€Å"Sex Slaves for the Emperor,† Contemporary Review 281, no. 1640 (2002), http://find.galegroup.com.ezproxy.library.yorku.ca/gtx/start.do?prodId=EAIMuserGroupName=yorku_main, 181. [7] Tanaka, Japans Comfort Women, 78. [8] Tanaka, Japans Comfort Women, 92. [9] Tanaka, Japans Comfort Women, 6. [10] Bob Tadashi Wakabayashi, â€Å"Review: Comfort Women: Beyond Litigious Feminism,† Monumenta Nipponica 58, no. 2 (2003), http://www.jstor.org/stable/25066215, 245. [11] Joy Damousi, â€Å"Review: [untitled],† The American Historical Review 108, no. 4 (2003), http://www.jstor.org/stable/3523712, 1122. [12] Wakabayashi, â€Å"Beyond Litigious Feminism,† 249. [13] Tanaka, Japans Comfort Women, 87. [14] Tanaka, Japans Comfort Women, 174. [15] Tanaka, Japans Comfort Women, 176. [16] A. Hamish Ion, â€Å"Review: [untitled],† The International History Review 23, no. 2 (2003), http://www.jstor.org/stable/40109381, 475. [17] Tanaka, Japans Comfort Women, 179. [18] Damousi, â€Å"Review,† 1122. [19] Tanaka, Japans Comfort Women, 48. [20] Hirofumi Hayashi, â€Å"Disputes in Japan over the Japanese Military â€Å"Comfort Women† System and its Perception in History,† The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 617 (2008), http://find.galegroup.com.ezproxy.library.yorku.ca/gtx/start.do?prodId=EAIMuserGroupName=yorku_main, 124. [21] Wakabayashi, â€Å"Beyond Litigious Feminism,† 243. [22] Wakabayashi, â€Å"Beyond Litigious Feminism,† 243. [23] Wakabayashi, â€Å"Beyond Litigious Feminism,† 244. [24] Sarah Soh, â€Å"From Imperial Gifts to Sex Slaves: Theorizing Symbolic Representations of the ‘Comfort Women,† Social Science Japan Journal 3, no. 1 (2000), http://scholarsportal.info.ezproxy.library.yorku.ca/, 65. [25] Ion, â€Å"Review,† 474.